Education Project

Linguistics

To a certain degree, Indonesian can be regarded as open in the language. Through the years, foreign languages ​​like Sanskrit, Chinese, Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch and English influence and expanded the Indonesian language, mostly trade contacts and international media.

Because of its semi-open status, there are those who regard Indonesian (as well as other Malay) as lacking sufficient vocabulary and professional terminology. Yet some linguists consider this view to be a misconception, since the vast majority of foreign adopted words do not have the original answer. For example, the word asimilasi (the Dutch word for assimilatie) also expressed as penggabungan Indonesia. Many words describing more modern inventions, objects and ideas are often Indonesianised adoptions of foreign words (eg

computer becomes Komputer), although many of these words also have Indonesian equivalents. For example ‘cell / mobile phone “may be intended for either PON Indonesia SEL / Telepo seluler (Lit. phone), HP (pronounced hah-ph – acronymic form of the handset), or Telepo genggam (Lit.” hold-in-handheld phone “). Other words such as” rice cookers “can be called just” rice cooker “or, again, more native Indonesian / Malay form, ie penanak nasi (a word formed from the verb menanak, which means” to cook rice by boiling ‘+ nasi which means “cooked rice”). Overall, use of native and non-native words in Indonesian is equally common and reflects the efforts of modernization and globalization.

Many aspects of Indonesian grammar are relatively straightforward to study the early stages, so it is one of the easiest language to learn for adults. Indonesia does not require the conjugation of the verb times and Participles, plurals, articles, and gender in the third person pronouns. It is important to note that not many other languages ​​traditionally regarded as “complex”, such as Chinese (see Chinese grammar) and Thai, for example. Despite this, Indonesian and Malay languages ​​are generally considered easy to learn, mainly because they have no tonal language, and they no longer use complex characters of their writing system, but using the Latin alphabet. Similar cases can also be seen in other Southeast Asian languages ​​such as Vietnamese and Tagalog.

But Indonesia is not in possession of a complex system affixations. Since the forms of the language of the time is replaced by the use of aspect particles and (just like any other language) Indonesian grammar often presents a number of exceptions. Also simplicity of Indonesian grammar is for beginners or basic level has the disadvantage of misleading many learners of the language to believe that more advanced Indonesian grammar is just as easy.

History

Indonesia is the normative form of Malay language Austronesian (or Malayo-Polynesian) language that has been used lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries. It raised the status of official language with the Indonesian declaration of independence in 1945, drawing inspiration from Sumpah Pemuda (Youth Oath) event in 1928.

Since its origin, Indonesia (in standard form) a commonly understood format with the Official Malaysian Malay. It does, however, varies to some extent in Malaysia, where differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. These differences arise mainly from Dutch and Javanese influences in Indonesia. Indonesia has also contributed to the “bazaar Malay”, which was lingua franca of the archipelago colonial times, and thus indirectly to other languages ​​of the islands: the Malaysian Malay claim to be closer to Malay literature from previous centuries.

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Although Indonesia is spoken as mother tongue (first language), only a small portion of Indonesia’s large population (ie, primarily those who live near Jakarta), more than 200 million people regularly use the national language – some with varying degrees of skill. In a nation that boasts more than 300 indigenous languages ​​and a large number of ethnic groups, use the right or “good and right” in Indonesia (as opposed to the Indonesian slang or regional dialects) is an important means of communication throughout the archipelago . Using a national language is a lot of the media, governments, schools, universities, workplaces, among members of Indonesia’s upper class or nobility, and also in many other formal situations.

Most of the natives in Indonesia agree that the standard is the correct version of the Indonesian language rarely used in daily communication. You can find the correct standard, and the Indonesian books and newspapers, or listen to it while watching the news or TV / radio broadcasts, but few native Indonesian speakers use formally correct language in everyday conversations. Although this is a phenomenon in most of the world’s languages ​​(for example, not speaking English does not always correspond to the written standards), the degree of “correctness” of spoken Indonesian (in terms of grammar and vocabulary) in relation to writing is very low. This is primarily due to the fact that most Indonesians, some smashed their own local language (eg Javanese, Sundanese, Bali, and even the Chinese dialects, particularly Hokkien) with Indonesian. The result is to create different types of “regional” in Indonesia, very different that the alien is likely to hear the arrival of a city in Indonesia. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the use of slang in Indonesia, especially in urban areas. A classic example of a speaker accented Indonesian is former president Suharto, whose Javanese accent came through when he made a speech.

Dutch colony of Indonesia left its mark on the language that can be seen in words like Polisi (Police), kualitas / kwaliteit (quality), wortel (carrot) Kamar (room, chamber), rokok (cigarette), korupsi (corruption), persneling (exchange), Kantor (office), and resleting (zip). In addition to Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago in the sixteenth century through the early nineteenth century. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese includes sabun (soap), tracking (table), boneka (doll), jendela (window), gereja (church), Bola (Ball), Dua (two female Portuguese), Bender (flag), Roda (wheel), sepatu (since sapato = shoe) kereta (since careto = wagon) bangku (Banco da = chair) keju (since Queijo = cheese) garpu (since garfo = fork) Trigue (since Trigo = flour ) mentega (since Manteigas = win) Sabtu (from Sabado = Saturday) and Minggu (from Domingo = Sunday). Some of the many words of Chinese origin (shown here with Hokkien / Mandarin pronunciation derivatives, as well as traditional and simplified characters) is pisau (bshu – knife), loteng, (/ = LU / CNG – [upper] layer / level), Mie (> MI ‘n – noodles), Lumpia ((Hokkien = ln-PI) – spring roll), cawan (chwn – teacup) you (> = CHH [Mandarin] Teh-KO [Hokkien] = teapot), and even a widespread slang Gua and Lu (from Hokkien, “Goa” and “LU / li” – which means “I / we” and “you”). Sanskrit words came as kaca (glass, mirror), Raja (king), manusia (humanity), b (h) Umi / Dunia (country / world), and the dragon (religion). The words of Arabic origin, K (h) Abar (news), selamat / Salam (greetings), Sen (Monday), selasa (Tuesday), jumaat (Friday), ijazah (diploma), hadiah (gift / present), mungkin (from mumkin = maybe) maklum (understood), Kitab (book), tertib (controlled) and Kamus (dictionary). It is is also derived from the Javanese word, for example, Donald (ie, I / we (informal) and its derivative form, mengaku (admit or acknowledge).

Classification

the Indonesian language is part of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages. According to Ethnologue, is Indonesia’s Riau Malay modeled , kind of old Malay was originally talking about north-east Sumatra.

Geographical distribution

This is a card that is mainly spoken in Indonesia. Dark green represents the Indonesian is spoken as main languages. Light green represents where a minority language.

language is spoken throughout Indonesia (and East Timor), although it is widely used by native speakers in urban areas, and usually the second or third language in the more rural parts of Indonesia. There is also talk about more 1.5 + million people in the world, especially in Holland, Philippines and Malaysia. Also seen in everyday language in some parts of Australia (mainly Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Brunei, Singapore, part of Thailand (southern Thailand), East Timor, Saudi Arabia, Suriname, New Caledonia and the United States.

official status

Indonesia is the official language of Indonesia.

Sounds

phonology

The following are phonemes of modern Indonesia.

vocals

Front

Central

Back

Close

in

D

Close-mid

e

O

Open mid

()

()

Open

Indonesia is also diphthongs / AI /, / au / and / oi /. In closed syllables, such as air (water), but the two vowels are pronounced diphthong.

consonants

labial

apical

Postalveolar

palatal

soft palate

clash

nose

m

n

explosive

pb

TD

K g

Affricate

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fricative

(F)

s (z)

()

(X)

h

Liquid

LR

Approximant

w

j

. Note: In parentheses are allophones of vowels, while consonants in parenthesis is the loan phonemes and as such only in loanwords

Learning pronunciation

Here are some helpful hints for English-speaking students:

/ D /, / p / and / t / is unaspirated, ie, they do not follow a significant puff of air, often because they are English words.

/ t / and / d / are dental, and alveolar as in English.

When / Q / is a syllable at the end it becomes a shock, it sounds like whether it will break sharply, eg Baik, bapak. This corresponds to a number of English dialects, where the final / t / is glottalized (“received”, “what”). Only a few Indonesian words are in the middle of this volume, for example, bakso (meatballs), and it may represent the apostrophe comes from the Arabic word, such as Al Quran.

letter “C” word is never pronounced “k” or “S” for example kucing (ie the cat) is pronounced [Kuti].

Stress is placed on the penultimate (second- to-last) syllable of each word base . But if this syllable contains a schwa an accent, and then move to the last syllable.

more and listen to examples, see SEASite guide to pronunciation in Indonesia

Grammar

word order

adjectives, demonstrative and possessive pronouns ooze follow a noun they modify.

The basic word order in Indonesia, a verb object (SVO .) However, many Indonesians speak with a passive / objective voice, using the Object Verb Subject word order. This OVS word order in Indonesia often allows neglect of the subject and / or object (ie, three points is a noun / pronoun), and can benefit of the speaker / author of two ways:

1) Adding a sense of civility and respect in a statement or a question

For example, the polite clerk shop completely avoid the use of pronouns and to ask:

ellipses is a pronoun ( Subject & Object)

literal English

idiomatic English

Bisa dibantu?

+ Can be helped?

can (I) through (you)?

2) Convenience when the subject is unknown, it is not important, or indirectly, in connection with

For example, my friend asks you to buy the property, who can answer:

ellipses is a pronoun (Implied subject)

literal English

idiomatic English

INI Rumah dibeli Lima Tahu Yang Lalu

House this + to be acquired in five years (s) ago

The house was purchased Five years ago

Ultimately, the choice of active and passive (and therefore word order) is to choose actor and patient, and very much depends on language, style and context.

word formation

Indonesia is agglutinative languages, New words are usually formed in three ways. New words can be created affixation (linked to draw on the root word), the formation of a compound word (composition of two or more separate words), or reduplication (repetition of words or syllables).

Adjectives

Unlike English adjectives follow the Indonesian language noun:

Indonesia

literal English word

Standard English Translation

Mobil, Merah

Red Car

Red Car

Slide orang yang terkenal sekali

He / He a person who is well known

He / She is a very famous / celebrity

(Sebuah) cerita Panjang

() long story

Long story

affixation

the Indonesian language to use a complex system of salary (ie prefix InFix, suffix, and confix (circumfix)). Salary is subject to certain rules that depend on the first letter of the base word (BW = base word, eg. Habitual verb, adjective, etc. simplest form) and / or sound combination of the second syllable. For example:

draws Ber + terminal (teacher) = BeLajar (Please remove the “R” and the addition of the “L”)

= Opiskella

draws me + terminal + national = meNGajarkan (Note: Increase “NG”)

= to teach (transitive)

comparison

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draws Ber + Judi (Gamble) = Berjudi (Note that Ber-remains the same)

= Play

draws me + Judi + national = meNjudikan (Note: Appendix ‘N’)

= play away (money, their own lives, etc)

Depending used in addition to pay, the word may have different grammatical meanings (eg I + Makan (memakan) means eating something (in the sense digest it), while when di + Makan (dimakan) means to be eaten (passive), TER + Makan (the term bitch), it means to be accidentally eaten. often two different pay used to change the meaning of a word. For example duduk means to sit down while the men duduk + + Can (mendudukkan) means to sit on someone / something down. duduk Men + + I (menduduki) means something to sit on, duduk di + + Can (didudukkan) means to be sat down, diduduki (diduduki) means to be sat on, etc.).

As with any language that can Indonesian grammar often presents a number of inconsistencies and exceptions. Some base words, when combined with two draws (eg I + BW + Will) can produce an adjective or a verb, or even both. For example, combined Bosa, with my pay-and-national membosankan to produce a word or boring (adjective) or a hole (A) (active verb). However, not all words are combined base pay, they are not always consistent with their subsequent use and impact. A good example is the word tinggal that, combined with pay, may change quite dramatically in both meaning and grammatical use:

Tinggal (base word (BW) form) = to live, to live in (place)

Meninggal (BUT + BW) = death, loss (short form “Meningal Dunia” below)

Meninggal Dunia (male + BW + world) = to move away, die (Lit. to convey the world)

Meninggalkan (BUT + BW + Ka) = have to go to (place) to leave / give (someone / something)

Ketinggalan (Wed + BW + ) = miss (bus, train, etc.) to leave

Tertinggal (Ter + BW) = not (accidentally) left

Ditinggalkan (Di + BW + Ka) = left, left

Selamat tinggal (word + BW) = Goodbye (said person resides)

Noun wages are linked to form a noun in addition to base words. The following are examples of a noun to be fixed:

type noun attached

Mount

Example of root word

Example derived from the word

prefix

pe (N) –

duduk (SIT)

penduduk (domestic)

KE

hendak ( want to)

/>

kehendak (desire)

juru

Acara (event)

juru-Acara (Event Host)

InFix

El

tunjuk (point)

telunjuk (finger command)

-EM

kelut (sloppy)

kemelut (chaos, crisis)

-Is

Gigi (teeth)

gerigi (toothed, teeth)

Appendix

–

bangun (Wake up, raise)

bangunan (building)

Confix

KE …-

Raja (King)

with their (DK)

PE …-

kerja (work)

pekerjaan (Professional)

(N) and (R) shows that if the word starts to certain letters (mostly vowels and consonants K, P, S, T), a letter, either to exclude or replace it with other letters, with the most letters in the bracket, or m, ng, NY, and L.

Similarly pay attached to the verb root words to form verbs. Indonesia, which are:

Enter the verb to draw

Set

Example of root word

example comes from the word

prefix

to be (L) –

ajar (teach)

belajar (study) – intransitive

I (N) –

tolong (Help)

large expenditures (help) – Active transitive

We (NG) –

Preview (Image)

menggambar (pull) – Active transitive

di-

ambil (last)

diambil (roof) – Passive transitive

memper

Dalam (D)

memperdalam (deeper)

dipe (R) –

Dalam (deep)

diperdalam (deepen)

TE (R) –

Makan (eating)

term HAG (have accidentally eaten)

Appendix

-Kan

letak (a place to stay)

letakkan (hold) – the imperative transitive

-I

jauh (very)

jauhi (to avoid) – mandatory transitive

Confix

to be (R )-…-

pasang (double)

berpasangan (incorporation)

an (R )-…- Can

dasar (Base)

berdasarkan (based on)

I (M )-…- Can

pasti (a)

memastikan (to secure)

I (N) -.. .- I.

Theme (partner)

think mania (included)

mempe (R )-…- Can

Guna (user)

mempergunakan (abuse, to use)

mempe (L )-…- I

ajar (teach)

mempelajari (study)

KE .. .-

hilang (lost)

kehilangan (loss)

di-…- I.

sacks (pain)

disakiti (not evil)

di-…- National

Benares (right)

dibenarkan (BE)

dipe (R )-…- Can

kenal (know, recognize)

diperkenalkan (opening)

Adjective pay attached to the base words to form adjectives:

type adjective attached

Mount

Example of root word

Example derived from the word

prefix

TE (R) –

kenal (to know)

terkenal (famous)

SE

Rupa (appearance)

serupa (equivalent to ( TWO))

InFix

-EM

cerlang (bright light)

cemerlang (bright, very good)

Is

sabut (bark)

serabut (sloppy)

Confix

KE …-

Barat ( West)

kebaratan (Westernized)

In addition to pay, Indonesia, also the language is to pay a lot borrowed from other languages ​​such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example, gastric, pasca-, SSE-, bi-, anti-, pro-, PRA, etc.

compound

Indonesia, new words can be a conjunction of two or more base words. Compound words, when they exist freely in sentences written separately. Compound words are just each other when they are bound confix or when they are already considered as stable words.

for example. A word, which means that the house Rumah Makan and which means to eat with a composition to form a new word Rumah Makan (restaurant) Similar ambil alih (possession) is formed by using the right words ambil (to take) and alih (change), but connecting circumfix attached to it, ie pengambilalihan (acquisition). Certain stable words, such kakitangan (HR) and kerjasama (co oporation, Inc.), written as one word, even if they consist of words are also free sentences.

initial consonant Morphing

Indonesia’s use of the initial consonant morphing using prefixes, ME and PE . This means that according to the original sound base words, sounds used in the prefix is ​​different, this is based on place of articulation.

Sound after me-or PE-terminal is usually nasal (m, n, NY, ng) or liquid (l, r) a voice. What sound is used depends on the point of articulation. For example, / b /, the original voice Beli is a bi-labial sound (pronounced using the lips as well), so bi-labial nasal sound / m / is placed before the base word, create membeli.

The first consonant is dropped, if it is unvoiced (/ p /, / t /, / s /, / k /), for example. menulis / spicy, memilih / pilih.

grammatical gender

Generally Indonesian does not use grammatical gender, and only has to choose words that uses natural gender. For example, the same word used to him and his (slide / IA), or he and his (slide / IA / Nya). No real difference between “girlfriend” and “girlfriend” (except in more colloquial terms cewek (girl, girlfriend), and cowok (Guy, girlfriend). Most of the Indonesian word referring to people are usually in the form which does not distinguish equality. contradistinction to England, separated from older or younger (a relatively common feature in many Asian languages). adik For example, referring to a younger sibling sex and kakak refers to an older sibling, again, either a man or a woman . To determine the natural gender noun, an adjective added. adik Thus, the law is responsible for the “little brother” but really means “younger sibling of a man.”

There are some words that are gendered, for example Putri means “daughter” and Putra means “boy”, and also pramugara means “air steward” (male flight attendant) and pramugari means “air stewardess” (a female stewardess). Another example is olahragawan, which corresponds to “an athlete” and olahragawati of the athlete. Often words like these (or some extensions like “-” and “I” or “Wa” and “Watier”) is recorded in other languages ​​(in these cases, from Sanskrit through the Old Javanese language ) In some areas of Indonesia such as Sumatera and Jakarta abang (sex term meaning “big brother”). is a commonly used form of address for older siblings / men, while the kakak (non-sex term (meaning “sister”) is often used to mean “big sister”. Similarly, a more direct influence from dialects such as Javanese and Chinese languages ​​also seen the continued use of other gendered words in Indonesian .. For example: Mas (Jav. = older brother), M’bak (Jav. = older sister), size (big brother) and Cici (sister)

Target words

Another hallmark of the Indonesian language, measurement words. Here’s how it looks like many other languages ​​in Asia, including Thai, Lao, Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, and Bengali

Examples of these measured words. ekor (used for animals), buah (usually used for inanimate